Èkfmd;a hkq Èkfhys isÿjk fyda l<hq;= lreKq ,shd ;nk fmd;ah' fïjd fndfyda úg fm!oa.,sl ksid ljqrej;a wkqkaf.a Èkfmd;a lshjkafka ke;' tfy;a f,dal mQð; mqoa.,hkaf.a Èkfmd;a úYd, ixLHdjla .%ka: jYfhka m%ldYhg m;afldg we;s w;r wo wka;¾ cd,fhao tajd olakg ;sfí'

foaYmd,k{hka w;ßka f,dalfha ckm%sh .%ka: njg m;ajQ wefußldfõ ckdêm;sjrekaf.a Èkfmd;aj,g úYd, b,a¨ula wog;a ;sfí' fï w;r fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka" fcdaka laúkais wevïia" f;dauia fc*¾ika" yeß gDDuka" frdk,aâ f¾.ka m%Odk fj;s'

ysÜ,¾f.a Èkfmd;ao" uqfida,skSf.a Èkfmd;ao" .%ka:f,i uqøKh l< w;r tajd f,dalfha yeu rglu jdf.a úúO NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh ù wf,ú ù we;af;a msgm;a ,Ë" fldaá .Kka j,skah'

fÉ.=fõrd Èkfmd;o f,dalfha iEu rglu ;ju úYd, jYfhka wf,újk .%ka:hls' fï whqßka úúO rg rgj, rdcH kdhlhkaf.a Èkfmd;a .%ka: jYfhka m<fldg ;sfí'

ieuqfj,a fmmsia" j¾ðkshdjq,a*a" pd,aia ¨âú.a" fcdkaika ^¨ù lefrd,a&" *shfvda¾ fvdiafgdúials hk f,aLlhkaf.ao" fidrka lrla.dâ" jeks od¾Ykslhkaf.ao" fofjks f,dal hqoaOfha hqfoõ isr l|jqrl l;dj jYfhka wEka m%Ekalaf.a Èkfmd;o .%ka: jYfhka m<jQ ckm%shjQ tfukau úYd, jYfhka uqøKh yd wf,ú jd¾;d ;enQ Èkfmd;ls'

fcd¾Ê tia' megka jeks ^wefußldfõ& hqo yuqod ckrd,ajrekaf.a Èkfmd;a mjd fmd;a jYfhka uqøKh fldg we;'

Èkigyka wdY%s; .%ka:hla .ek uq,ajrg wikakg ,efnkafka wk.dßl O¾umd,;=udf.a Èkfmd;a wd›;jhs'

ms<sfj<lg Èkfmd;a mdúÉÑ lrk,o mqoa.,hka w;r wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud;a" n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;%Sh uyd kdysñhkq;a i|yka l<hq;=h' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOO;a;pß;h ,sùug mdol lr we;af;a ta uydkdysñhka mdúÉÑ lrk ,o Èkfmd;ah' wdkkao ffu;%Sh uydkdysñhka úiska mßyrKh lrk ,o Èkfmd;a wdY%s;j iuqø fj;a;isxyhka ,shQ wdkkao ffu;%sh pß; fy<sorõj uE;l§ m%ldYhg m;a jQ tlu .%ka:h o úh yelsh'

› ,xldfõ m%:u ckdêm;s fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a Èkfmd;a úYd, ixLHdjla t;=udf.a fm!oa.,sl ,smsf,aLk yd fmd;am;a w;f¾ ;ju;a mj;S' tajd fl!;=l jYfhka iq/flkjd úkd tys ,shd we;af;a fudkjdo hkak okafka fo;=ka fofkl= muKls' ta fo;=ka fokdf.ka m%:ufhka i|yka l< hq;= mqoa.,hd fm%au;s,l udmsá.u uy;dh' Tyq fïjdfha we;=<dka;h fyd¢kau okakd flfkls'

fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a fm!oa.,sl Èkfmd;a iy Tyq ,shQ Èk igyka lshùug ud fhduqlf<a udmsá.u uy;dh' uq,§ th ;rul wiSre lghq;a;la jqjo miqj th wdYs¾jdo ckl fohla úh'

fÊ'wd¾ f.a fm%au in|;d .ek Tyqf.a Èkfmd;aj, fmdä fmdä igyka we;;a ta ljqrekao" fldfyao" hkak .ek úia;r wvx.=lr ke;' 1920 .Kkaj, wfm%a,a udifha kqjrt<sfha § ksjdvqjla .;lsÍug .sh ld,fha;a" miqj fld<U§;a yuqjQ iqkaor wjia:d folla .ek kï f;dr;=re wmQrejg ,shd ;sfí'

fÊ'wd¾'f.a Èkfmd;a wmg fidhd .ekSug yels jQfha 1920 isghs' thg fmr Tyq Èkfmd;a mdúÉÑ l< j.la fmfkkafka ke;' l=vd mekai,h iys; idlal= Èk fmd;a tlaoyia kjish yeg.Kka fjk;=re mdúÉÑlr ;sfí' thg wu;rj §¾> igyka ,sùug ;rula f,dl= Èkfmd;a mdúÉÑ lr we;' uq,ald,fha igyka fmd;a yd idlal= Èkfmd;a ,shd we;af;a mekaif,ks' miqj ;Ska; mEka j,ska ,shd ;sfí'

fï Èkfmd;aj, ;j;a úfYaIhla jkafka me/‚ Èkfmd;aj, Èkigyka ,sùuhs' WodyrKhla f,i olajf;d;a 1970 j¾Ifha Tyq mdúÉÑlr we;af;a 1969 fyda 1968 j¾Ifha Èk fmd;ls' Tyqg wjYH ù we;af;a Èk igyka ,sùug Èk fmd;la mu‚' j¾Ih l=ula jqj;a lï ke;' tfy;a tu Tyq ,shQ Èk igyk háka ksjerÈ jir Èkh i|ykalr ;sfí' we;eï wjia:dj,§ fõ,dj mjd ,shd ;sfí'

fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d ta ld,fha Tyq ye¢kajQfha zzälSZZ hkqfjks' Èkfmd;a mdúÉÑ lsÍfï mqreoao mgkaf.k we;af;a jhi wjqreÿ 16 §h' todisg ñhhk ;=reu tyq ta mqreoao lvfkdl<d muKla fkdj ta Èkfmd;a /ln,d .ekSugo hqyqiq¿úh' oekg fidhd .ekSug yelsù we;s Tyqf.a uq,au Èkfmd;" 1923 j¾Ifha ,shk,o tlls' thg fmr Èkfmd;a mdúÉÑ l< njla fmfkkakg we;'

1922 j¾Ifha iema;eïn¾ udifha m%:u j;djg fÊ'wd¾' zzð,ÜZZ f¾irhla ñ,§ .;anj 1923 jif¾ Èk fmdf;a ,shd;sfí' fÊ'wd¾' g oe,s /jq, tkakg mgka.;af;a ux., /jq,a lmkakg mgka.;af;a fï ld,fha nj is;sh yelsh'

1923 ud¾;= udifha 13 jeks i÷od Tyq fmd,aj;af;a Ydka; uhsl,a m,a,sfha óiug ndr.;a njo ud¾;= 25 jeksod i;a m%ido,;a njo i|yka lr ;sfí'

úfYaI hula fkdjQ Èkj, Èkfmd;a msgqfõ jeo.;a jevla lf<a ke;' hkqfjka i|yka lr we;'

Tyq ;udgu oekuq;=lï § we;af;ao Èkfmdf;a igyka ,sùfukah' 1923 jif¾ Èk fmdf;a ,shd we;s foa wkqj uehs 8 jeksod ld,h ñvx.=lr we;af;a fldlÜ l%Svdfjka yd l%Svd iudcYd,dfõh' B<Õ Èkfha msgqfõ ,shdwe;af;a zzfldlÜ uf.a wOHdmk lghq;= wjq,a lrhs' jvd fyd¢ka mdvï l< hq;=h˜ hkqfjks'

cq,s udifha 9 jeksod fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a mshd rdcH kS;s{hl= yeáhg m;a lsÍu .eko igykla fhdod we;' tu msgqfõu fldkl uf.a wêIaGdk Yla;sh ÿ¾j,hs lshdo ,shd ;sfí'

B<Õ ojfia ^cq,s 10& ud mka;sfha isák kïnqldr lïue,shd hehs ñiag mjq,ia lSjd' thska uf.a ys;g f,dl= fõokdjla we;s jqKd' ud fmd; m; mdvï lrkjd' kuq;a tfia fkdlrkj. thd fldfyduo lshkafk' fyd|hs ud ñfhkak l,ska kïnqldr lïue,shd f,dalfha ;ukag ysñ ld¾h b;d by<ska bgqlrk nj Tyqg fmkajkakï hkqfjka igyka lr ;sfí' 1924 § Tyq mdi,a iÕrdfõ iu ixialdrljrhd f,i lghq;= lr we;'

Èkfmd;aj, igyka wkqj 1924 § fÊ'wd¾' ;u mshdf.a foaYmd,k lghq;=j,go yjq,a jQ nj fmfka' 1924 § újia:dodhl iNdjg fld<U ^W;=r& wdikh fjkqfjka B'ví' chj¾Ok uy;d ;r. l< wjia:dfõ mdi,a YsIHhl=j isá ;reK fÊ'wd¾' mshdf.a Pkao jHdmdrfha§ jdyk j,ska Pkao odhlhka Pkaofmd<g f.k hdug iydh ù we;'

fÊ'wd¾' ^älS& f.a mdi,a Ôú;h fl<jr ù we;af;a 1925 §h' mdif,a újdo ;r.j, igyka" l%slÜ r.¾ l%Svd .ek igyka" ffghsïia m;%fha i;sm;d w;sf¾lfha m<jQ iqúfYaI fldgia wdÈh mdi,a iufha Èkfmd;aj, jeä jYfhka ,shd ;snq‚' mdif,a iudcfiajd ix.ufha f,alïOqrh fyda tjeks ;k;=rla fudyq úiska oerE nj is;sh yels igykao fuys we;=<;ah' idlal= Èk fmd;aj, mekaif,ka ,shd we;s fïjdfha lvodhs ÿ¾j¾Kù we;s ksid we;eï igyka wmeyeÈ,sh' fï Èkfmd;aj, ;=kg y;rg kjk ,o ;=Kavq lE,so fõ'

1925 jif¾ fÊ'wd¾' f.a fmdf;a igykla wkqj tu jif¾ wfm%a,a udifha § kqjrt<sfha § tia'ví'wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d yuqjQ nj;a i|ykah' tys§ meje;ajQ fgksia ;r. .eko iqyo ido .eko flá úia;r ,shd ;sfí'

1926 ckjdß 01 jeksod fÊ'wd¾' f.a Èkfmdf;a fufia i|yka úh'

b;du krl" kmqre wdrïNhls' i;HjYfhkau wjxl" cd;s ysff;Isfhl= jQ we*a'wd¾' fiakdkdhl bkaÈhdfõ§ ñh .sfhah'

ckjdß 06 jeksod Tyq fufia ,Sfõh' w;súYd, ckldhla" úfYaIfhkau ÿ.S" ÿmam;a wh" ÿïßh fmdf<a§" wjux.f,da;aijfha§;a" w;Hka;fhkau wjxl mqoa.,fhl=g ish f.!rjdpdrh oelajQy'

1926 jif¾ rdclSh úoHd,fhka wiaùfuka miq fÊ'wd¾' hqksj¾isá fld,sðfha bf.k .;a w;r tald,fha § Tyq mdúÉÑ l< l=vd Èk fmd;aj, jeämqr igyka ù we;af;a hqksj¾isá fld,sðfha f;dr;=reh'

lS¾;su;a foaYmd,k úYdrofhl= jQ i¾ fÊïia mSßiaf.a mq;% tjlg iqm;, ix.S;{hl= jQ foajd¾ iQßhfiakf.ka yd jhsÜfyâ fufkúhf.ka Tyq fï w;r ld,h ;=< ix.S;h yodrd ;sfí'

ta ld,fha kS;s úoHd,hg we;=<;a ùug hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha wOHdmkh ,eìh hq;=úh' tys uOHu mÍËKfhka iu;aùu wksjd¾h iqÿiqlula úh' woajld;a úNd.hg fmkS isáh yelafla bka miqjh'

hqksj¾isá fld,sðfha iy kS;s úoHd,fha bf.k .kakd ld,fha fÊ'wd¾' ;u mshdf.a fm!oa.,sl f,alï jYfhka lghq;= lr ;sfí' 1928 jif¾ Tyqf.a Èkfmd;a igykaj, jeämqru we;af;a mshd ;udg mejrE j.lSï yd rdcldÍ ms<sn| f;dr;=reh'

Wvrg újdy kS;s Í;s yd isß;a úß;aj, wdl+, jHdl+,;d w,,d fÊ'wd¾' úiska ,shk ,o ksnkaOhg fyd|u kS;s m¾fhaIK lD;shg ,efnk zzfjda,ag¾ fmfrhsrd˜ iïudkh ysñù ;sfí'

1929 § Èkfmdf;a i|yka f;dr;=re wkqj ì%;dkH md,kh úfõpkh lrñka fÊ'wd¾' ,smshla ,shd ;sfí' hg;a úð;Ndr rdcH f,alï n¾kdâ f,dafj; isxy, kdhlhska msßila úiska hjk isysm;a lsÍula fuu ,smshg mdol ù we;' fÊ'wd¾' fuu ,smsh ,shd we;af;a kS;s úoHd,fha iÕrdfõ m<lsÍu i|ydh' ,smshg wjYH f;dr;=re fidhd we;af;a ;u mshdf.a mqia;ld,fha we;s ryiH ,smsf,aLk j,sks'

fÊ'wd¾'f.a fuu ,smsh foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï we;slrjk ì%;dkH md,khg myr fok újdod;aul tlls'

kS;s úoHd,fha iÕrdj uqøKh lrùug Ndrj ;snqfKa fâ,sksjqia uqøKd,fhah' fÊ'wd¾'f.a ,smsfha wl=re wuqKkakd fï ierjeä ,smsh .ek whs;slre ^fÊ'wd¾' f.a udud& ã'wd¾' úchj¾Ok uy;dg oekaùh' fï ,smsh m<jQfjd;a fÊ'wd¾' f.a mshd ^B'ví' chj¾Ok uy;d& m;ajk wiSre;djh .ek i,ld mq;df.a ier ,smsh .ek udud jk ã'wd¾' úchj¾Ok uy;d ;d;a;dg oeka ùh' fÊ'wd¾' ;u ,smsh bj;a lr.;af;a nekqï yd ;rfha wjjdo uOHfhah'

B'ví' chj¾Ok ;u mq;d ^fÊ'wd¾'& g wjjdo l< whqre Èkfmd;aj, ;ekska ;ek igyka lr ;sfí'

;reK f,aLlhl=f.a Wkkaÿj wvd,úh' hkqfjka tÈk fÊ'wd¾' ;u Èk fmdf;a ,shd ;enqfõh'

1929 j¾Ifha fÊ'wd¾' f.a Èk fmdf;a fujeks ys;=jlaldr lï .ek igyka fndfyduhlau ;sfí'

ì%;dkHhka i;= g%Eïld¾ jevj¾ckhg iydh§u .ek fÊ'wd¾' ;u mshdf.a oeä fodaIdfrdamKhg ,laù ;sfí' fÊ'wd¾' f.a mshd fuys§ jvd;a fldamù we;af;a fÊ'wd¾' jevj¾clhka wu;d l;d lsÍu yd tu /iaùug B'ví' chj¾Okf.a jdykfhka hdu;ah'

1929 cQ,s udifha fÊ'wd¾' ;u ys;j;=ka iu. —iïudkkSh mqIaleKkajrekaf.a ix.uh˜ kñka iudchla msysgqjdf.k ;sfí' ì,shâ l%Svdj i|yd werUqk ta ix.ufha wruqKq .ek Tyq Èkfmdf;a ,shd we;af;a fufiah' lEu îu" wdY%h" wvq;rñka uilg jrlaj;a yuqùuhs' mqIaleKka iudcfha odhl;ajfhka bnd.df;a hk hqfoõjd kñka kdgHhlao fõÈld.; fldg ;sfí' fÊ'wd¾' o fuys pß;hla rÕmd we;'

1930 j¾Ifha Èkfmdf;a i|yka jkafka mqIaleKka iudchg isxy, kula fidhd ;u isxy, .=rejrhd jQ nïn,msáfha jðrdrdufha kdro ysñhka yuqjQ njhs' kdro ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia wkqj th miqj —m%sh ix.uh˜ jQ nj i|yka fõ'

1930 wf.daia;=fõ m%sh ix.ufha m%:u ixj;airh mj;ajd ;sfí' ix.uhg fÊ'wd¾' fmkS isáfha —rùkaø˜ hk kñkah' iñ;sfha jd¾;dj,o fÊ'wd¾' w;aikalr we;af;a —rùkaø˜ hk kñkah' fÊ'wd¾' fuu rùkaø hk kug wdidlr we;af;a wehs oehs fld;ekl j;a igyka lr ke;'

1930 iema;eïn¾ udifha fÊ'wd¾' we;=¿ —m%sh ix.uh˜ ;j;a kdgHhla ksIamdokh lr ;sfí' tys ku —o ghsrkaܘ ^ÿIagmd,lhd& úh' fuh gj¾fyda,a rÕyf,a fmkajkakg we;ehs is;sh yelafla fÊ'wd¾' f.a Èkfmd;aj, tald,fha ks;r ks;r gj¾ rÕy,g .sh .uka .ek ,sheù we;s ksidh'

1930 foieïnrfha .dkaê;=udf.a ms<srejla kS;súoHd,fha bÈ lsÍug W;aidylr ;sfí' fï ms<sn| u;fío fndfyda úh'

mshdf.a fm!oa.,sl f,alï ù ,nd.;a jegqm fuu .dkaê ms<srej bÈlsÍug fÊ'wd¾' úhoï l< nj i|yka fõ'

fÊ'wd¾' f.a udud jk ã'wd¾' úchj¾Ok uy;df.a fâ,s ksjqia mqj;am; fï ms<srej bÈlsÍug mËj fÊ'wd¾' we;=¿ kS;s YsIHhkag hym;a m%;spdrhla ,ndÿkafkah' weia'ví'wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d;a fÊ'wd¾',dg iyfhda.h olajd ,sms imhd ;snq‚'

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