1923 jif¾ oejeka; N+ñlïmdjg miqj fuka f;dalsfhda fõ ñ,shk myla jQ ckhd ;=< wmyiQodhl ksoyia yeÕ=ula we;s jq‚' le/,a, mej;s ld, iSudj ;=<§ Tjqka ;reK ler,slrejka yg fmkajQfha uo wkqlïmdjls'

uehs 15 jeks Èk isÿùfï§ ckhd úYajdi lrk ,oafoa hqoldóka yd cd;Hd,jd§ka ¥Is; mlaI foaYmd,kh fmdälr oud n,y;aldÍ ls%hdud¾.hlska fyda jerÈ ksjerÈ lrkq we;ehs lshdh' tfy;a ¥IKh yd iudc widOdrKh fï olajdu mej;s w;r f.ù .sh fkdikaiqka isõ Èk ;=<§ hqo yuqodj flfrys Tjqka ;enQ wkaO úYajdih ;=rka ù kej;;a iqmqreÿ Èúh werfUk ;=re Tjqyq Wola n,d isáhy' tfia jqjo lnqls rx.Yd,d ;=< m<s.ekSfï ia;ela .S;h" ìysiqKq reÿre wd;au mß;Hd.h mokï fldg .;a y;<sia yf;a frdkskh ;jÿrg;a ls%hd;aul jq‚'

w¾nqohg ms<shu fia fmkS .sh yuqodfõ md,l lKavdhug iyh ,nd fok msßi iS>%fhka jeäúh' fuys§ Tjqka Ökh md,kh lrkq msßi ÿka Wmfoia wu;l lr oeuq‚'

úfoaY weue;s fldals ysfrda;d úiska kj leìkÜ uKav,hla kïlf<ka u;=msáka fmkS .sfha ck;dj kj n,hla Èkd .;a f,ils' wefußldkq ;dkdm;s ks,Odßhd rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; ,shd hejqfõ —Ökfha yd uekapQßhdfõ yuqodjkays Nhdkl keUqreùï j<ld,Su i|yd ysfrda;d ls%hd l< hq;= njh' tfiau f;aÍï ms<sn|j ;ud i;=gg m;ajk nj Tyq ish Èkfmdf;ys ,shd ;eîh' ulaksidoh;a ud úYajdi lrk mßÈ ysfrda;d Yla;su;a wdrlaIdldÍ ñksfils' tneúka Tyq yuqodj yd mkaÿ lS%vd lrkq we;af;a ksYaÑ; iSudjlsks' Tyq yels;dla nqoaêu;aj úfoaY lghq;= yiqrjkq we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ'˜

ysfrda;d fmdfrdkaÿ werUqula isÿ flrefõ ish úfoaY wud;Hjrhd jYfhka wefußldkq ys;jd§ rdcH ÿ;fhl= jQ Isf.re fhdIsvd újD;ju kï lrñks' tfy;a yuqodfõ úreoaO;ajh oeä jQfhka Tyqg tu ;eke;a;d w; yeÍug isÿ úh'

fuh wkd.; hqo kdhl;ajhl fmr ksñ;s fmkajk wjia:djla n÷ úh' meyeÈ,sju rfÜ jeo.;a ;SrK flfrys hqo yuqodjg n,mEï l< yels nj ñka fmkakqï flreks' tfiau th tl mqrjeisfhl= f.a m%Odk;ajfhka rdcH md,kh lsÍfï l%ufõofhys wjidkho ixfla;j;a flre‚'

yuqod kdhlhska foaYmd,kh yeisrùu ,nd .;a;o th Tjqkf.a m<uqjk f.da,h ^,l=K& fkdùh' Tjqyq fmnrjdß 26 isÿùula kej; we;s fkdjkakg o j. n,d .;ay' mrudo¾YS ;reK ks,OdÍka ÿmam;alu yd ¥IKh ;=rkalSÍug wÈgka lr .ekSu md,kh lsÍu i|yd úkh fldmuK fhojqjo m%udKj;a fkdjk neõ Tjqkg wjfndaO úh' úi÷u jQfha wiykhg fya;=j uq,skqmqgd oeóuh' th l< yels jQfha ler,slrejka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ ksoyia wd¾Ólfha jerÈ ksjerÈ lsÍfuks' uekapQßhdfõ mÈxÑlrejka fï jk úg;a laI‚l øjHuh j¾Okhla we;slr ;snQ Tjqka f.a ie,iqïiy.; wd¾Ólh uõìu Wfoid o fhdod .kakd f,ig wNsfhda. fldg ;snq‚' tfy;a tjeks úYd, mrdihlska hq;a wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKhla ls%hd;aul l< yels jkqfha ljfrl= ygo@

Okm;shka Tjqkf.a Okh wdrlaId lr .ekSu ms‚i W;aiql jQ w;r" ;u fiajlhka yd foaYmd,kh u; hefmk Tjqka fuu ld¾hh i|yd fkd.e,mqKd muKla fkdj uyckhdf.a úYajdiho wysñfldg f.k ;snq‚' hqo yuqodj fuf;la ¥IKhlska f;drj foaYmd,khg iïnkaOùug wiu;aj ;snQ w;r muKg jeä weÕs,s.eiSï j,ska f;drj m%;sixialrK bÈßhg f.khd yels tlu ud¾.hla muKla b;sßj ;snq‚'

uyck úfrdaO;djh j,lkq ms‚i wêrdcH l%uh l,a,shg wkqlïmdj oelajQ wdrls" uidls yd ÿisula muK jQ fckrd,ajreka ls%hdldß;ajfhka f;dr ,ehsia;=jlg we;=<;a lr fndfyda ;reK ks,OdÍka fkdjeo.;a ;k;=re i|yd udre lr hejq‚'

le/,a, iufha ls%hdjg kexjqKq hqo kS;sh uila uila mdid §¾> flre‚' mqj;am;a udOHh oro~q f,i md,kh flreKq w;r úreoaO u; m<l< y~j,a ksy~ flre‚' ler,slrejkag tfrysj blau‚ka ydfm!oa.,slj ls%hd;aul jq‚' ks,OdÍka oy;=ka fofkl= yd isú,a jeishka isõ fofkl= b;als ls;do we;=¿j urK o~qju i|yd fhduq flre‚' cQ,s ui fodf<diajeks Èk Tjqk f.a oEia ne| k,f,ys yß ueo i,l=Kq fldg" /laiaj,g ^Racks& ;nd n¢k ,§' fckrd,a j;kdf.a >d;kh i|yd iydh ÿka ¨;skka ;lyIs urKhg fmr .Shla .ehSh' we;a; jYfhkau jrm%ido ,;a mka;sh ;u ls%hdldrlï ys m%;súmdl ye¢k jvd;a úplaIKYS,S fõjdæ hkq Tyqf.a .dhkfhys wre; úh' jvd;a wukdmhg m;ajQ ;reK ks,Odßfhl= fufia lE .eiSh' —´ cmdk jeishks" wêrdchd f.a yuqodj úYajdi fkdlrkq˜ ;jfll= fufia lE .eiSh' ñksiqks" hqo yuqodj flfrys úYajdih ;nkqæ reishdkqjkag wm ;,d oeóug bv fkd;nkqæ

fjä ;eîug fudfyd;lg fmr yeu fokdu mdfya W;=udKka yg f;jrla ch ^nkaidhs& me;Sh'

wêrdcH l%uh ks,OdÍ lKavdhfï wjidkh iu.ska fgdalsfhdafõ n,iïmkak tfy;a l=vd lKavdhula Tjqkf.a m%Odk m%;sm;a;sh jQ jHdma;sh wjika lsÍug wÈgka lr .;ay' Tjqkf. kdhlhd jQfha uekapQßhdj w;am;a lr .ekSfï ld¾hNdrfha§ bxðfkarejd f.a j.lSu bgql< lkað bIsydrdh'

fï jkúg fckrd,a ks,fha isá Tyq ;ud l< ls%hdj fya;=fjkau ìhg m;aj isáfhah' Tyq issysk ÿgqfõ m%cd;ka;%jd§ uekapQßhdjla ms<sn|jh' cd;Ska myla tluq;=j idufhka Ôj;afjñka reishdkq wdl%uKhg tfrysj iduldó mjqrla fia ls%hdlrkq oelSu Tyqf.a wNs,dIh jq‚' tfy;a fuu mrudo¾YS wruqK msßyS .sfha W;=re Ökh w;am;a lr .ekSfï l|jqrla jYfhka uekapQßhdj Ndú;d lsÍug hqo yuqod kdhl;ajh ;=< jQ wÈgk fya;=fjks'

ler,slrejka yg urK o~qjï § fkdfnda Èklg miqj fgdalsfhda fõ ;ldrd¡f;hs wjkay, ;=<§ bIsydrd hqo wud;HxYfha yd hqo yuqod fckrd,a ks,fha tfldf<dia fofkl= ryfiau yuqúh' Ökh w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd Tyq ;=< jQ ìh fnod yod.;a Tjqyq l<hq;af;a l=ulaoehs hkak ms<sn|j idlÉPd l<y'

bIsydrd werUqfõ .eg¿jla fhduq lrñks' Tjqkf.a iïm%odhsl i;=rd jQ jvd;a wk;=reodhl reishdkq i;=rd mfil isáh§ Ökh yd hqoaOhl meg,Sfï wjOdku l=ula i|ydo@ tljr hqoaO folla lsÍu ish Èú kid .ekSula jkq we;' th ld¾ólrKho nrm;< f,i ÿ¾j, lrkakla jkq we;' fidaúhÜ ix.uh yd ;r. l< yels uÜgug cmdkfha ksIamdok n,h jHdma; jk ;=reu cd;sfha ish¨ Yla;sh talrdYS l< hq;=j we;ehs Tyq ;jÿrg;a lshd isáfhah' iajhx fmdaIs; ÈhqKq ld¾ñl rgla njg m;aùu i|yd cmdkh" reishdj yd Ökh iu. wr., lr .ekqu kj;d miajirl jev ms<sfj<la u.ska uekapQßhdfõ iïm;a j¾Okh lr.; hq;=j ;snq‚' 1952 jk úg cmdkh ish wd¾Ól j¾Okfha uqÿka fm;a;g <Õd jk úg reishdj yd ;r. je§fuka ch.; yelsjkq we;' fuh cmdkh iqrlaIs; lrkakla jkq we;' md,kh lKavdhfï ^control clique) jHdma; lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh wkqj Ökhg yd ol=Kq wdishdjg ;,a¨ùug .shfyd;a th ì%;dkHh yd wefußldj iu.o hqoaOhl meg,Sula jkq we;' fujekakla isÿjqjfyd;a bka jdis ,nk tlu md¾Yajh Tjqkf.a tÈßjdÈhd jQ reishdj muKla jkq we;' ñka Nhdkl m%;sM, w;a ú¢kq we;af;a fgdalsfhdafõ fjfik fmd<Ujkakka fkdj uekapQßhdfõ ckhd njo bIsydrd ;jÿrg;a lshd isáfhah'

fuu rg ;=<u lajeka;=x yuqodfõ n,iïmkak wka;jd§yq W;=re Ökh wdl%uKh lrkq ms‚i fï jk úg;a kS;súfrdaë ie,iqula ilia lrñka isáhy' Tjqkg kdhl;ajhla iemhqfõ fïʾ fckrd,a flkað fodisydrdh' ;shqKq nqoaêh úplaIKYS,SNdjh yd l=uka;%Kfhys olaI;djh w;ska Tyq fndfyda ÿrg bIsydrdg iudk jQfjls' fï jk úg;a ngysr m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrejka Tyq ye¢kajQfha —uekapQßhdfõ f,darkaia˜ jYfhks' fmr jif¾§ Tyq W;=re Ökhg .sfha hqo kdhlhskag yd ks,OdÍka yg fodia mjrñks' cmka wêrdcHfha yuqodj hgf;a rchla fkdmsysgqùu fukau Ökfhka bj;aùuo Tyqf.a fodaI o¾Ykhg ,laúh' fuh oek.;a w.ue;s Tldvd" Tyq mÍlaId lr n,kq ms‚i m‚úvhla heùh' tfy;a bIsydrd fukau fgdalsfhdaj fkdi,ld y, Tyq È.ska È.gu iajdëk rdcHhla msysgqjd .ekSu ms‚i l=uka;%Kh lrkakg úh' —cmdk Och wkq.ukh lrkq˜ hk Tjqkf.a igka mdGh hgf;a ls%hd;aul jQ wjia:dj,§ cmdk fj<÷ka W;=re Ökhg .,d hkakg jQfha Ök fj<÷ka fldamhg m;a lrjñka fukau iuia; Ökh mqrd cmdk úfrdaë le,öula o we;s lrjñks' ;ud uekapQßhd yd Ökh w;r wdrlaIs; nekrhla fuka ls%hd;aul jk rElv md,khla ìys l< njg fodhsydrd i|yka l<o i;s lsysmhlg miqj Tyq mkaodyl cmka n, we‚hla tys f.k .sfha cmdk fj<÷ka uxfld,a,lrejka f.ka wdrlaId lr .kq ms‚ih'

fufia yuqodj /f.k rgla ;=<g lvd je§fï jrog fï wjia:dfõ fpdaokd l< bIsydrd mejiqfõ fodhsydrdf.a wdrlaIs; m%foaYh —úI iys; u,la˜ nj;a cmdkh ÑhEx ldhs¡fIlaf.a c;sjd§ yuqodj;a yd hqoaOhlg meg,Sug fmrd;=j th úkdY lr oeñh hq;= nj;ah' túg reishdkq yd Ök fldñhqksiaÜ jd§ka l=uka;%Kh lrñka isáfha tljr fomiskau mshjr ;nd úkdYhg m;afldg r;= Ökhla ia:djr l< hq;= njgh'

fvdhsydrd j<ld,sh yels fyd|u l%uh f,i bIsydrd ÿgqfõ W;=re Ökfha l,n,ldÍ ;ekaj,ska cmdk yuqod bj;alr .kakd f,i ks,OdÍka yg wjjdo lsÍuh' mSxlsxys isg ie;mqï myf<djla ksß; foiska msysá mqrdK ud¾flda fmdaf,da md,u o tjeks wúksYaÑ; ia:dkhla njg m;aj ;snq‚'

1900 j¾Ifha Ökfha we;s jQ f,a msmdis; úfoaYslhka fkdßiaiq (xenophovic& fndlai¾ úma,jfha§ hqf¾mshdkq" wefußldkq yd cmdk yuqod Ökhg we;=¿ jqfha fmdÿ wruqKla iys;jh' bka miqj cmdk yuqod Ökhg we;=¿ jQ m%:u wjia:dj fuh jq‚' B<Õ jif¾§ fndlai¾ fm%dfgdl,a kñka y÷kajk Ök cd;slhd t,jd oud mSxlsxys m%Odk ia:dkhka ys hï úfoaY n,hla msysgqùug fuu tldnoaO fufyhqu iu;a úh' th — wêrdcHh yd uqyqo w;r újD; ikaksfõokhla we;s lsÍu˜ ms‚i isÿ jqjls'

fndlai¾ m<jd yeÍfuka miqj Ökh ngysr wêrdcHjdofha oeä uxmeyeÍug ,lajQ w;r fkdlvjd isÿ jQ fuu iïm;a fld,a,lEu fya;=fjka wjidkfha tys ckhd le<ö le/,a,la fj; fhduq flre‚' l,lg by;§ kefmda,shka mjid ;snqfKa cmdkh ksod isák fhdaOfhl= f,isks' —Tyqg ksod isákakg bv fokqæ Tyq wjÈ jQ úg f,dalhu fid,jkq we;'˜

1911 § Ökfha m<uq nqoaêu;a cd;Hd,jd§hd jQ fodia;r iqx heÜ¡fix f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿjQ m%ydrfhka Èrdm;a jQ uekapq wêrdcHh ì| jeàfuka wjidkfha ksod isá fhdaOhd f.a msì§u isÿ úh' ;k;=r y jrm%ido Wfoid lEorlñka hq;= foaYSh hqo kdhlhka wdOqksl ckrch ieu ÈYdjlskau jglr .;a neúka fodia;r ikaf.a l=´ñx;Ekh ^cd;sl uyck mlaIh& rgmqrd iydh ,nd .;a;o Ökh le,sj,g leã hkakg úh' wjidkfha f,a msmdis; wr., j,ska bÉPdNx.hg m;a jir .Kkdjla wejEfuka fodia;r ika ueÈy;aùug leue;af;ka n,d isá rgl tkï fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqfõ Wmldrh b,a,d isáfhah' fkdfnda l,lskau hqo Wml%uhka f.a mgka oejeka; m%pdrK lghq;= olajd iEu fohlgu Wmfoia ,ndfok fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka f.ka lekagkh msÍ hkakg úh' l=´ñx;Ex yuqodjka miqmi isá wd;auh nÿ jQ .d,;a kñka f;fï y÷kajd ÿka tfy;a íÆp¾ kue;s fidaúhÜ fckrd,ajrfhl= o" Ñldf.da jHdmdr wOHhk úoHd,fha b.ekaùu l< w;s olaI ;eke;af;l= jQ fl%ï,skfha foaYmd,k l,ylrejkaf.ka wfhl= jQo uhsl,a fndafrdaäkao ta w;r isáfhah' Tjqkf.a Wmldrfhka ckrcfha n,h j¾Okh jkakg úh'

;reK fckrd,ajrfhl== jQ ÑhEx ldhs¡fIla hgf;a meje;s hqo yuqodjka tys hqo uq,doEks i;=rka fmdälr ouñka W;=rg ;,a¨ fjñka f.dia Ixyhs yd kexlsx w,a,d.ekSug iu;a úh' tfy;a fuu ch.%yKfhka miqj jvd;a nrm;< .eg¿jla u;= úh' l=´ñx;Ex n, we‚ ;=<o fldñhqksiaÜ n,h ysi Tijkakg mgka .;af;ah' 1927 j¾Ih jk úg ix f.ka miqj md,lhdj isá ÑhEx reishdfjka È.ska È.gu wdOdr ,en .ekSu fya;=fjka ish rg r;= Ökhla njg m;afjkq we;ehs wjfndaO lr.;af;ah' tneúka Tyq iudcjd§ka yg kS;sfha /ljrK wysñ lrñka Tjqka kS;s úfrdaëka njg m;a lf<ah'

^,nk i;sfha ;j;a fldgila&