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iS.sßh

fld<U isg l=reKE., oUq,a, ud¾.fha bkdu¨j ykaÈfhka yeÍ lsf,da ógr 10 la muK .uka l< úg iS.sß m¾j;h yuqfõ' isxy rejl wdldrhg ;ekQ ud<s.dj ksid tu m¾j;h iS.sßh kï ù we;'

wkqrdOmqrfha rcl< Od;=fiak rcqg hlv foda,shlf.ka ,;a ldYHm kï l=urejl= yd wNsfIal ìijf.ka ,;a uq.,ka kïjQ mq;a;= fofofkla o ÿjKshl o jQy'' rcq ;u ke.Kshf.a mq;a fikam;s ñ.drg weh újdy lr ÿkakdh' ñ.dr Èkla ;u ÈhKshg wudkqIsl f,i myrÿkafka hehs lsmqKq rcq ;u fidfydhqßh jQ ñ.drf.a uj ksrej;a fldg mq¿iaid urd oukakg ksfhda. lf<ah' rcqf.ka m<s.kakg is;+ ñ.dr ldYHm l=ureka rdcH .ekSug fm<UjQfõh' uq.,ka fiakd ixúOdkh fldg rdcHh .ekSfuSa wfmalaIdfjka bkaÈhdjg m,d .sfhah'

uq.,ka fjkqfjka Od;=fiak rcq Okh ;ekam;a lr we;ehs ldYHmg lshñka ñ.dr Od;=fiak rcq flfrys ;jÿrg;a ì|ejSh' ;ekam;a Okh .ek m%Yak l< jsg Od;=fiak rcq ldYHmg lshd isáfha ta Okh l,d jej njhs' bka lsmqKq ldYHm ish msh rcq ksrej;a fldg l,d jefõ neïug ;nd ueá.iaijd urd oeóug ksfhda. lf<ah'

ish mshd uerE m,sh .ekSug ifydaorhd jQ uq.,ka l=ure flÈkl fyda hqoaOhg t;sehs ìfhka ldYHm iS.sßh n<fldgq rdcHh f.dvke.+ nj b;sydih idlals orhs'

m%dldr" Èh w.,a" Whkaj;=" c, WoHdk fiau uyd l,d.drhla n÷ rElï o we;s iS.sßh f,dal Wreuhls' fuys we;s wmQ¾j;ajh fya;=fjkau fuh ks, fkd,;a wgjeks f,dal mqÿuhehs o foia úfoia ys m%p,s;h'

wo wm olsk iS.sßh b;sydihg tlajkafka ls%ia;= j¾I 477 § ldYHm rcq ish ud<s.dj iS.sß m¾j; uia;lfha ;ekSfuks' mqrdúoHd;aul idlals wkqj iS.sßfha b;sydih bka fndfyda wE; w;S;hlg hhs' rdjK rcqf.a ud<s.djla iS.sßfha ùhehs u;hla we;;a th ikd: lsÍug fuf;la lsisÿ idlalsshla yuqù ke;' tfy;a yuqjQ fi,a,sms /ilska mejefikafka fojkmE;sia hq.fha§ mjd iS.sßh wd¾h ckdjdihla jQ njhs' iS.sßh wjg leKSï j,§ w;S;fha Ndú;d l< b;du;a ÈhqKq hlv ;dlaIKhl wjfYaI yuqù ;sfí'

iS.sß m¾j;h u; bÈler we;s rc ud<s.h iy wfkl=;a f.dvke.s,s YS% ,xldfõ meje;s ÈhqKq .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amhg ukd idlalshla ù we;' b;d iuñ;sl wdldrfhka ksujd we;s c, WoHdkh;a tys we;s c,jyk moaO;sh;a kQ;k bxðfkarejka uú; lrjk ks¾udKhkah' jeis jegqKq úg ;ju;a ls%hd;aul jk c,u,a moaO;sh iS.sß hq.fha isá fy< ks¾udK lrejkaf.a úYañ; yelshdj fmkajhs'

iS.sßh m%isoaOjQfha ì;= is;=jï fya;=fjks' tys we;af;a YS% ,xldfõ úYsIag;u Ñ;% ks¾udK nj úoaj;=kaf.a u;hhs' rkajka yd ks,ajka j¾Kfhka hq;= ldka;d rEm 22 la oekg tys olakg we;' iaj¾K j¾K l;=ka wka;#mqr ia;S%ka nj;a" kS, j¾Kfhka olajd we;af;a fiaúldjka nj;a m%:u mqrdúoHd flduidßia tÉ'iS'mS'fn,a mjihs' fï l;=ka u,a /f.k msÿrx., jkaokd lrkakg hk njo Tyq mjid we;'

mqrdúoHd flduidßia bka miq tu ;k;--rg wd fikr;a mrKú;dk uy;d mjikafka úÊcq ,;d iy fï> ,;d ixfla;j;a lrñka fï l;=ka we| we;s njhs'

iS.sßfha ;j;a wmQ¾j;u ks¾udKhla jk legm;a mjqf¾ igyka ;nd we;af;a bka miq iS.sßhg meñKs úúO ;rd;srfï mqoa.,hka úisks' wo tys meyÈ,sj y÷kd.; yels .S 700 la muK ;sfí' w;S; NdIdj;a" Tjqkaf.a rid{;dj yd isxy, NdIdj l%ñlj úldYh jQ wdldrh;a fuS l=regq .S fmkajhs'

l%ufhka jkdka;rfhka jeiS .sh iS.sßh kej; fidhdf.k we;af;a 1831 § fïc¾ tÉ' fmda¾íia úisks' h<s 1833 § fmda¾íia iS.sßfha legm;a mjqr iys; ud¾.h olajdu f.dia we;;a m¾j;h u;g ke.Sug fkdyelsù we;' we;af;a ta''jhs''wevïia iy fÊ'fí,s hk ;reK isú,a ks,Orhka fofokd 1853 § tys uq<skau ke.=Kq nj lsh;s'1894 § tÉ'iS'mS'fn,a iS.sßh t<s fmfy<s fldg tys mqrdúoHd;aul .fõIK wdrïN lf<ah'

merKs YS% ,dxlslhdf.a w;sYh úYañ; ks¾udKhla jQ iS.sßh ,dxlsl ixialD;sh yd Tjqkf.a m%;sNdmQ¾K ks¾udK Yla;sh ms<sn| wmQ¾j;ajh iuia; f,dalhd yuqfõ ;nk w;s oejeka; ks¾udKhls'

iS.sßfha ngysr fodrgqj leKSï isÿlr ;sfí' ta wkqj tys c, WoHdkfha fndfyda fldgia u;=lrf.k we;' kef.kysr fodrgqj foiska leKSï isÿlr ke;;a ta m%foaYfha lrk ,o .fõIKwkqj fmkS f.dia we;af;a kef.kysr foiska we;s f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï w;ru. kj;d oud ;snQ njhs' uq.,ka hqoaOhg tkúg kef.kysr foiska k.r ks¾udKh lrñka ;sfnkakg we;' tu m%foaYh úYd, m%udKfha r: jdyk m¾j;h wdikakghg .; yels wdldrfhka ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk njo fndfyda úg tajd we;a lr;a; jeks jdyk úh yels njo mqrdúoHd{fhda mji;s'

18 jirlg miq fiakd /ialr.;a uq.,ka ldYHm iu. hqoaohg meñKsfhah' hqoaOhg .sh ldYHm uv j<lska tf;rùug fkdyelsj ;u we;= wdmiq yerjQ fudfydf;a rcq m,d h;s hs is;+ fiakdj ysia Æ Æ w; Èj.sfhka ;ksjQ ldYHm ish;ska f.< is|f.k ñh.sh nj jxY l:d j, oelafõ' ldYHm ñh.sh miq rdcHh .;a uq.,ka ish fidfydhqrdg rcl=g iqÿiq wjux., W;aijhla mj;ajd NIudjfYaI ;ekam;a lr iEhla o lrjd we;' tu iEh msÿrx., úydrhg kqÿßka fidhdf.k ;sfí' uq.,ka iS.sßh NslaIQka jykafia,dg Ndrfldg kej; wkqrdOmqrhg f.dia we;'

PdhdrEm