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oUq,a,

rka.sß oUq,a, f,ka úydrh f,dal Wreuhls' uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg wä 1118 la Wiska msysgd we;s fuu f,ka úydr ixlS¾Kh YS% ,xldfõ úYd,;u f,ka úydrh o fjhs' ls%ia;= mQ¾j 104 - 76 w;r ld,fha YS% ,xldfõ rcl< j<.ïnd rcq úiska lrjk ,oehs ie<efla '
m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha udkj idOl /ila o yuqjk fuu úydr N+ñfha oelsh yels Ys,d f,aLk /ils' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha uq,a wjêfha uQ, n%dyaóh wlaIr j, isg uykqjr hq.h olajd jQ tu Ys,d f,aLK j,ska úydrfha m%;sixialrK lghq;= iy úydrhg lrk ,o mQcd wdÈh ms<sn| i|ykafõ'

ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fuu iqúi,a f,ka m%;sixialrKh fmdf<dkakrefõ rc l< ksYaYxlu,a, rcq ^ls%ia;= j¾I 1198 - 1206& ms<suj, rka wdf,am ler we;' ta ksidu oUq,a, f,i ye¢kaùug mgka.;a nj mqrdjD;a; j, oelafõ' uykqjr rc meñKs fikr;a rcq ^ls%ia;= j¾I 1604 - 1633& iy lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcq ^ls%ia;= j¾I 1746 -- 1778& fuu úydr ixlS¾Kh m%;sixialrKh ler ;sfí'

úYd, m¾j;fhka iEÿKqq f,ka úydr myla oelsh yels fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka fmdf<dkakre hq.fha mgka fld<U hq.h olajd iEu ld, jljdkqjlu ,laIK iys; ì;= is;=jï oelsh yels ùuhs' tfukau Ys,duh" oejuh" fukau ueáfhka yd nodu ñY%Khlska ;kk ,o ms<su /ila o oelsh yelsh'

fuu úydrhg we;=¿jk úg yuqjk m%:u .=ydj y÷kajkafka foajodr úydrh kñks' th we;=,; ógr14 la È.ska hq;= úYd, ffY,uh ie;fmk ms<suhls' ta wi, we;s wdkkao ysñhkaf.a hehs ie<flk ms<uh yd úIaKq foúhka iy iquk iuka foúhkaf.a hehs ie<flk ms<suo úYsIag ks¾udKfhdah'

úydr ixlS¾Kfha fojeks .=ydj úYd,;u f,khs' th uydrdcd úydrh f,i ye¢kafõ' tys ysá ms<su 16 la iy ysÈ ms<su 40 la ks¾udKh ler ;sfí' ta iu. úIaKq yd iquk iuka foaj ms<su o ks¾udKh ler we;s w;r uOHfha l=vd od.enla ;sfí' fuhg wu;rj .,a m¾j;fhka jEiafik l=vd Èh ì÷jla jefgkakg ;enQ úYd, md;a;rhls' tu c, ìxÿj lsisÿ ksh.hl§ fkdisfok nj o mejefia'

t<dr ÿgq.euqKq hqoaOh oelafjk is;=julao we;' uq¿ m¾j; ì;a;sfha iy m¾j; uyf,a úúOdldr is;=jï j,ska msÍ we;s w;r t<dr ÿgq.euqKq hqoaOh oelafjk is;=ju ta w;ßka iqúfYaIS fõ' wd.ñl fkdjk isÿùulg wod, is;=jï úydr ukaÈr j, oelsh yelafla b;d w,am jYfhka neúka m¾fhaIlfhda fuu is;=ju .ek jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr;s'

rka.sß oUq¨ úydrfha ;=kajeks .=ydj w¨;a úydrh kñka ye¢kafõ' lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iufha wÈk ,oehs mejefik Ñ;% /ila oelsh yelshs' fuu .=ydfõ m%Odk ms<suhg wu;rj ;j;a l=vd ms<su 50 ls' ' lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcqf.a ms<srejlao tys ;kd ;sfí' y;rjeks iy miajeks .=yd b;d l=vd jqjo ms<su iys; ta .=yd folo is;=jñka w,xldr ler we;'

úYd, m%udKfha ys¢ ms<suhla merKs f,ka úydr ixlS¾Khg bÈßfhka bÈlr ;sfí'

oUq¨ m¾j;h fidndoyfu uy.= ks¾udKhls iS.sßh yd ßá., we;=¿j f;rla fkdfmkk uyd ;eks;,dj oUq¨ .,g o¾Ykh jk fid÷re oiqka iuQyhhs'

oUq,a, f,ka úydr ixlS¾Kh